Discount Computers

OSPF is a major topic on both the CCNA and CCNP exams, and it’s
also the topic that requires the most attention to detail. Where
dynamic routing protocols such as RIP and IGRP have only one
router type, a look at a Cisco routing table shows several
different OSPF route types.

R1#show ip route

Codes: C – connected, S – static, I – IGRP, R – RIP, M – mobile,
B – BGP D – EIGRP, EX – EIGRP external, O – OSPF, IA – OSPF
inter area N1 – OSPF NSSA external type 1, N2 – OSPF NSSA
external type 2 E1 – OSPF external type 1, E2 – OSPF external
type 2, E – EGP

In this tutorial, we’ll take a look at the difference between
two of these route types, E1 and E2.

Route redistribution is the process of taking routes learned via
one routing protocol and injecting those routes into another
routing domain. (Static and connected routes can also be
redistributed.) When a router running OSPF takes routes learned
by another routing protocol and makes them available to the
other OSPF-enabled routers it’s communicating with, that router
becomes an Autonomous System Border Router (ASBR).

Let’s work with an example where R1 is running both OSPF and
RIP. R4 is in the same OSPF domain as R1, and we want R4 to
learn the routes that R1 is learning via RIP. This means we have
to perform route redistribution on the ASBR. The routes that are
being redistributed from RIP into OSPF will appear as E2 routes
on R4:

R4#show ip route ospf

O E2 5.1.1.1 [110/20] via 172.34.34.3, 00:33:21, Ethernet0

6.0.0.0/32 is subnetted, 1 subnets

O E2 6.1.1.1 [110/20] via 172.34.34.3, 00:33:21, Ethernet0

172.12.0.0/16 is variably subnetted, 2 subnets, 2 masks

O E2 172.12.21.0/30 [110/20] via 172.34.34.3, 00:33:32, Ethernet0

O E2 7.1.1.1 [110/20] via 172.34.34.3, 00:33:21, Ethernet0

15.0.0.0/24 is subnetted, 1 subnets

O E2 15.1.1.0 [110/20] via 172.34.34.3, 00:33:32, Ethernet0

E2 is the default route type for routes learned via
redistribution. The key with E2 routes is that the cost of these
routes reflects only the cost of the path from the ASBR to the
final destination; the cost of the path from R4 to R1 is not
reflected in this cost. (Remember that OSPF’s metric for a path
is referred to as “cost”.) In this example, we want the cost of
the routes to reflect the entire path, not just the path between
the ASBR and the destination network. To do so, the routes must
be redistributed into OSPF as E1 routes on the ASBR, as shown
here.

R1#conf t

Enter configuration commands, one per line. End with CNTL/Z.

R1(config)#router ospf 1

R1(config-router)#redistribute rip subnets metric-type 1

Now on R4, the routes appear as E1 routes and have a larger
metric, since the entire path cost is now reflected in the
routing table.

O E1 5.1.1.1 [110/94] via 172.34.34.3, 00:33:21, Ethernet0

6.0.0.0/32 is subnetted, 1 subnets

O E1 6.1.1.1 [110/100] via 172.34.34.3, 00:33:21, Ethernet0

172.12.0.0/16 is variably subnetted, 2 subnets, 2 masks

O E1 172.12.21.0/30 [110/94] via 172.34.34.3, 00:33:32, Ethernet0

O E1 7.1.1.1 [110/94] via 172.34.34.3, 00:33:21, Ethernet0

15.0.0.0/24 is subnetted, 1 subnets

O E1 15.1.1.0 [110/94] via 172.34.34.3, 00:33:32, Ethernet0

About the author:
Chris Bryant, CCIE #12933, owns The Bryant Advantage
(http://www.thebryantadvantage.com), home of free CCNA and CCNP
tutorials, Pass the CCNA exam with Chris Bryant!

In these days of information overload I prefer to keep it quick
and brief in taking a simplistic look at what you need to know
when purchasing a prepaid phone card. The three basic factors to
consider when purchasing a prepaid phone card are; 1. The total
cost of using the card 2. Features offered by the card 3.
Reputation for the company selling the card

1. Let’s break these three factors down quickly. The total cost
of using the card includes the rate per minute for domestic or
international calling, and any additional fees or surcharges for
using the card. Generally speaking a lower rate per minute
typically increases the chances of a hidden surcharge. If the
rate per minute seems too good to be true it probably is.
However, rates per minute for making International calls can be
substantially lower when using a prepaid phone card. Calling
card marketing plans are very focused, so shop around and find
the best rate plan for your calling needs. Look for hidden
surcharges like connection fees, 3 minute rounding, and monthly
maintenance fees that all add to the total cost of using the
card.

2. Some calling cards today offer great features that make them
very convenient to use. They include Pin-less dialing, auto
recharge, and speed dial to name a few. Pin-less dialing allows
you to register your PIN, when you call back for future calls
the system recognizes your phone number or ANI in the phone
world, which allows you to make calls without entering your PIN
number. Auto recharge allows you to set up a pre determined
recharge on your card. I.E. at 2.00 recharge my card back to
$20.00 this way a call is never interrupted at an inconvenient
time. Speed dial allows you to register frequently called
numbers for quick convenient dialing.

3. There are many options today in buying prepaid calling cards.
With choice comes risk. Although I am somewhat biased as a
Product Manager for a major Telecommunications company I think
the reputation of the company you buy from is important. Many
companies come and go in this business. Shop the major Telecoms
as your basis for determining what is a good deal. Then ask
yourself is it worth the risk for this rate? Will this company
be in business next week? We see many companies offering cards
below our cost, and we sell them the time on our lines for the
long distance?? Generally speaking the major retailers that sell
cards use the major Telecommunications companies as the backbone
for the long distance time on the card. Shop around and find the
best plan for you and don’t forget the reputation for the
company. MCI offers great low rates on phone cards without
hidden fees. We offer features that make our cards easy to use.
Look for our cards at major retailers near you.

About the author:
Kevin McQueen, Product Marketing Manager for MCI
http://www.minutepass.com

Whether you own your own business or work for someone that does
you’ll find that data protection is one of the smartest and
safest approaches you can take to ensure the profitability and
livelihood of your business. When dealing with data recovery and
protection it is vital you remain calm and assess whether you
are dealing with a hard drive or other issue. Fortunately no
matter how dire the situation you can usually follow some easy
steps to ensure maximum data recovery in the event of a computer
crash. Here are some tips to follow to prevent a complete
disaster from occurring:

If you suspect something is wrong with your computers hard drive
turn your computer off and take it to a specialist before you
lose your data.

Back up our data routinely. If you can set up an automatic
program to do so.

When you here strange noises from your computer, such as a
clunking noise when you power up your computer immediately turn
your computer off.

Never assume the worst. In most cases data is recoverable even
under the worst conditions (like if your computer was swallowed
from a flood and fully saturated).

Do not attempt any form of data recovery on your own unless you
are a specialist. Messing with the hard drive or other
parameters of your computer can exacerbate any data losses you
may have already experienced.

Don’t panic. Remember to think optimistically and get your
computer to a repair tech as soon as possible, and chances are
your data will be salvageable and safe.

About the author:
Article by Frank Owen, visit his web site for more information
on data recovery http://www.datarecoveryinsiders.com